Astropolitical Alliances: Competition and Cooperation in Space

Abstract

(ILRS) herald the emergence of astropolitical alliances spearheaded by the United States (US) and China. This working paper explores the formation of these alliances and their astropolitical implications. A thematic analysis of Western and Chinese sources examines the narratives surrounding both alliances, as well as the commercial interests, security imperatives, and geopolitical factors that influence states' decision-making to join either alliance. The paper views these alliances through the theoretical lenses of liberalism, realism, and constructivism, providing a holistic reflection on how cooperative aspirations, competitive tensions, and normative considerations have shaped alliance formation. Drawing on a comparative analysis, the study posits that while intra-alliance relations are based on cooperation, geopolitical competition arising from Sino-US tensions impedes inter-alliance collaboration. Consequently, these alliances are evolving into competing frameworks that seek to dictate norms of space governance. Notably, the paper explores how these alliances navigate legal ambiguities and challenge the egalitarian ethos of the foundational space treaties. The paper discusses whether member states can prevent the escalation of tensions between these alliances and establish cooperative linkages. The findings suggest that the current trajectory of these alliances signals a bifurcated global space order. The conclusion proposes pragmatic multilateral space governance recommendations to ensure collaborative, sustainable, and peaceful utilisation of space.